Description: In 1872, artist John Gast rendered one of the more famous depictions of nineteenth-century Western settlement, a painting titled American Progress. Gast’s painting celebrated the US colonization of the West as the culmination of industrial progress by foregrounding two relatively new technologies: the telegraph and the railroad. For Gast, as for so many other Americans, the Iron Horse seemed destined to serve as the literal engine by which the industrial acumen and God-given civilization of the expanding nation would conquer western lands and peoples. On Gast’s canvas, American Indians shuffled toward the painting’s edge. Faced with the locomotive’s irrepressible force, Gast assumed that native peoples, incapable of adapting to modernity, would have no choice but to fade away. The Iron Horse in Indian Country shows how indigenous Americans across the trans-Mississippi West actively engaged with western railroads, not simply as passive bystanders to and victims of railroad expansion and dispossession as they have traditionally been cast. Foregrounding the hidden histories of native entanglements with the Iron Horse between the 1850s and 1930s, Alessandra La Rocca Link reveals how they played central roles as guides, passengers, entrepreneurs, wage-earners, and tribal citizens. Many Indians became wage earners (and, in some cases, wage payers) at a historic moment when the federal government sought to sequester natives on isolated reservations and limit their labors to agriculture. Indigenous political envoys made authorized and unauthorized visits to Washington, DC for negotiations among native leaders, railroad corporations, and the federal government, the beginnings of tribal and intertribal activism that would accelerate in the early twentieth century. The railroad provided Indigenous communities with a tool that they often put in the service of sustaining their cultural and material lives in the face of colonization. Indeed, the end of formal treaty relations with Native Americans in 1871 resulted from growing concerns about private negotiations taking place between corporations and tribal governments that directed the course of settlement in the region. Additionally, railroads facilitated a growing intertribal, Indian identity, as Native Americans used proliferating western railroad networks to visit one another, thus forging and renewing cultural, political, and social ties. Such ties were critical to the survival of Indigenous communities facing demographic decline over the course of the nineteenth century. Just as the West shrank with the arrival of the horse on the Plains, so too would it shrink as steam-powered locomotives brought far-flung locales into the traveling range of many Lakotas, Navajos, Cherokees, and others. Presenting a story that goes beyond the narrative of dispossession of Native land and resources, The Iron Horse in Indian Country demonstrates how the locomotive-powered settlement of the West was constantly contested, thwarted, and negotiated by the original inhabitants of the region who appropriated and repurposed this technology to transform it into a literal and figurative vehicle of survival.


Abstract: The 2021 discovery of the unmarked graves of Indigenous children by the Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc First Nation on the grounds of the former Kamloops Indian Residential School in British Columbia revealed the brutal genocide at the heart of Canadian colonial rule. Canadian governments and the Catholic Church had sought to leave this issue buried, literally and figuratively, by asserting a modern form of terra nullius in positing that these and other residential schools were ‘empty lands’ in the sense that they did not contain the remains of Indigenous children, even as Indigenous nations knew the truth. This essay argues that these gruesome discoveries are evidence of the after-lives of terra nullius of modern settler colonialism, where Indigenous peoples’ deaths are a colonial after-thought in settler society, which leads to settler denials and avoidance of responsibility for the damage done. This colonial after-thought can be traced right on up to Pope Francis’ apology for the Church’s role in the schools. In resistance to the settler effort to produce Indigenous peoples as ontological absences, as colonial after-thoughts, nations such as the Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc demonstrate the power of Indigenous resurgence through their persistence in nation and movement building.