Abstract: This article offers a historically grounded contribution to the debate on the relationship between Zionism and settler colonialism. Rather than determining whether Zionism should be defined as a settler-colonial project, the study employs settler colonialism as an analytical lens to examine how Zionist actors – specifically the Irgun (Hebrew: Etzel, National Military Organisation) – experienced and conceptualised their position within the colonial environment of Mandatory Palestine. Focusing on a key transitional moment in the 1930s – 1940s, this article trace the shifting consciousness of the Zionist Right as it moved from reliance on the British Empire to an increasingly confrontational stance, culminating in the Irgun’s anti-British revolt under Menachem Begin. This study utilises Irgun and Revisionist leaflets, circulars, pamphlets, and internal directives to reconstruct the organisation’s evolving self perception. The findings challenge narratives that portray Zionist actors as denying the settler-colonial dimension of their enterprise. Instead, an explicit adoption of colonial discourse, including comparisons with British settler societies and the positioning of Jews as ‘European settlers’, is revealed in the Revisionist and early Irgun phases. At the same time, these sources expose a fluid identity spectrum between ‘settler’ and ‘native’, shaped by contemporary colonial classifications and claims of historical rootedness. The article’s central contribution lies in demonstrating that the Irgun’s shift from cooperation with Britain to anti-imperial struggle was not a rupture but a gradual, dialectical transformation in settler colonial consciousness. Beyond the Zionist case, the study proposes a refined model for understanding how settler societies negotiate tensions between dependence on the metropole and the development of independent identity, highlighting how highly different modes of self-understanding can coexist within the same political movement, it thus invites reconsideration of the temporal and ideological dynamics that shape settler-colonial identity formation.



Abstract: The hallmark of sovereignty is not only effective control over space, but effective control over time. In settler colonial states, time is the vector through which the state defends its perpetual existence against the inconvenient fact of pre-colonial and continuing Indigenous presence. Adjudication in common law systems is a powerful mechanism for defending settler sovereignty because of the rules that bind facts to law. Evidence rules determine how adjudicators come to know the past and stipulate some of the past as knowable. Whether through eyewitness, documentary, or expert evidence, evidence rules make the past “present” in the present, without interpretation or mediation. Through legal technique, the legal process produces temporal sovereignty. First, the action of writing history in judgment presumes and reifies the state’s continuity through time. This reaffirms the settler state’s perpetually contested sovereignty. Second, history written into judgments creates pasts from which the state’s jurisdiction is imagined to flow. Thus are codified foundational myths about state domination over Indigenous life. Third, the mechanics of citation and precedent cause a judicially-legitimated past to repeat as fact. Writing in a present challenged by rival Indigenous legalities, the judge is bonded by legal techniques into writing histories that are declared to correspond to the past and that iterate into the future. Telling stories through law is how the state occupies time.



Description: Following the British conquest of Ottoman Palestine, Jews across the British Empire—from Jerusalem to Johannesburg, London to Calcutta—found themselves at the heart of global Jewish political discourse. As these intellectuals, politicians, activists, and communal elites navigated shifting political landscapes, some envisioned Palestine as a British dominion, leveraging imperial power for Jewish state-building, while others fostered ties with anticolonial movements, contemplating independent national aspirations. Uncertain Empire considers this intricate interplay between British imperialism, Zionism, and anticolonial movements from the 1917 British conquest of Palestine to the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948. Elizabeth Imber highlights diverse and sometimes conflicting visions of Jewish political futures, offering detailed case studies of key figures including Chaim Arlosoroff, Moshe Shertok, Helen Bentwich, Rachel Ezra, and Hermann Kallenbach. She explores a “politics of uncertainty” in which Jews engaged with both imperial stability and the rise of anticolonial mobilization, when many were likewise forced to reconsider Palestine as a viable refuge and political solution. Ultimately, this book provides a nuanced understanding of how the British Empire’s fate became central to Zionist and broader Jewish political thought, revealing the complex intersections of empire, state power, and Jewish politics during a time marked by profound urgency and exigency.





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