Abstract: This thesis is an inquiry into turquoise, a mineral primarily used as a gemstone in jewelry, and one of many different significant materials used in Southwestern Native American cultures and traditions. Despite the diversity of Native jewelry form and materials, jewelry set with turquoise generally overshadows other types of Native-made jewelry as a coveted and collected object for non-Native consumers. This thesis examines settler desires for turquoise mined from Native homelands through time, starting with the territorial New Mexico colonial political economy of turquoise mining in the 19th century in which settler men attempted to construct a narrative that Native turquoise mines had been abandoned. The mineral is also collected for Victorian curio cabinets and displayed on the bodies of white settler women for whom the gem becomes their connection to dead Native sisters of the female settler imaginary. ii The mineral discussed in this thesis has saturated the Southwest Native American jewelry market for over a century. Today, Native jewelers navigate the enduring settler capitalist structure of the turquoise economy, where white mine owners control access to the uncut gem, and where commodified gems as jewelry function as they have since the 19th century as markers of a culture deemed to be of the past. The story of turquoise is the continuing story of Native dispossession: the theft of Native land and resources and the confinement of Natives to anachronistic space and time. It is also the story of refusal and Native contestation of the story of their disappearance and confinement to prehistory. Gender is central to this quintessential story of dispossession and settler capitalism. From the masculine settler subjects who claim the mines, to the white male ethnographers, to the white settler women who narrate and lend content to the imaginary story of the vanishing Indian and her fantasy of dead turquoise-wearing Native sisters, turquoise proves essential to the making of colonial subjectivities. When Native jewelers sell their turquoise creations in the Santa Fe jewelry market, they must navigate a colonial field of white mine owners and the trading post histories that mark Native labor, creativity, and jewelry as colonial commodities. Gender is central to how these colonial fields can be traversed. If the story of turquoise is the quintessential colonial story of theft and extraction in the Americas and elsewhere, in the Southwestern United States, the story reveals how a single mineral is extracted and commodified into an innocent gem that masks the story of conquest and dispossession. Transformed from a sacred object into an aesthetic object, turquoise tells the story of settler colonialism, revealing the specific gendered procedures and mythologies of settler property regimes in the Southwest.



Abstract: Settler ecologies are the processes by which settler administrations imagine, construct, govern, discipline, and police nature, nonhuman animals, and Indigenous or otherwise marginalized communities. This article focuses on the role of law in constituting and advancing settler ecologies. It examines how legal regimes animate the colonial administration of nature across multiple geopolitical settings, including Palestine-Israel, the United States, Australia, South Africa, and Kenya. Drawing on these diverse observations, the article identifies three central legal technologies of settler ecologies: juxtaposition, which refers to law’s capacity to generate and stabilize oppositional categories; frontier ecologies, which detail how doctrines such as terra nullius and legal instruments like protected areas expand and cement law’s reach into new materialities; and hyperlegality and criminalization, which transform the violence of conquest into a routinized apparatus of environmental governance. Together, these three legal technologies of settler ecologies trace a continuum—from law’s work of ordering and differentiation, through its territorial projection, and finally to the bureaucratic governance of life. The article concludes with just legal ecologies, exploring how Indigenous, local, plural, and more-than-human legalities might unsettle the premises and start to heal the traumas of settler ecologies, while affirmatively offering other ways of living with the earth. Throughout, the article illustrates that settler ecologies are not peripheral to law but foundational to law’s material conditions and conceptual underpinnings.


Abstract: Palestinians have endured decades of Israeli settler-colonial violence and, since October 2023, genocidal violence in Gaza. This article develops reprocide as a broader analytic framework for understanding the full range of reproductive violence and reproductive destruction enacted within settler-colonial and genocidal projects of elimination. Reprocide encompasses direct and indirect attacks on reproductive capacities, reproductive infrastructures, kinship relations, and the material and spatial conditions necessary for sustaining life, intimacy and collective continuity. I do not use reprocide to replace genocide; rather, I use it to clarify a gendered modality of elimination that is often obscured when immediate killing alone is privileged or when legal attention is limited to the prevention of births. Situated within feminist geography, geopolitics, and reproductive justice scholarship, the article shows how the destruction of hospitals, homes and conditions for intimacy links bodily harm to spatial strategies of elimination. Methodologically, the article draws on autoethnographic reflection and testimonies relayed to me by Palestinians in Gaza, triangulated with peer- reviewed scholarship. This article contributes to feminist geography and genocide studies by clarifying the relationship between space, embodiment, reproductive infrastructure, and futurity, and by arguing that reproductive and sexual violence against both women and men should be understood as part of reprocide.





Abstract: The Fairfax Resolves, invoking “the Laws of Nature and Nations,” are often portrayed as among the first statements of the colonists’ natural rights. The idea that civil law should be founded on natural law, however, dated back to Cicero and had long been invoked by colonial writers. Yet the Resolves played a pioneering role in mediating a dispute about how natural law underwrote the colonists’ civil rights. The first clause argued that if Virginia was a “conquered Country” then its “present Inhabitants are the Descendants not of the Conquered, but of the Conquerors” and thus inherited rights to property and self-government earned exclusively by their conquering “Ancestors.” During the revolutionary years, though, some writers, such as Virginian Richard Bland, further argued that the original “Adventurers” had created new and independent states rather than colonies (a “free state” theory of colonization), while others argued that the first colonists had settled under the authority of the crown (a “charter theory” of colonization). Free-state theory, with its claim for no original crown authority in American territory, had the advantage of making American independence easier to approve under the laws of nature and nations. But it remained controversial, and the Fairfax Resolves pioneered an ambiguous language about the origins of colonies that appeared later in the account of “the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here” in the Declaration of Independence. The Resolves’ conquest theory also had profound implications for Native Americans and westward expansion by shaping an American empire after the Revolution.





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