Abstract: This dissertation examines how U.S. nonprofit hospitals, grounded in a history of settler colonialism, racial capitalism, and chattel slavery, function as racialized organizations that perpetuate racial health disparities through the racialized allocation of resources. Throughout the chapters, I argue that health systems not only fail to break with legacies of extraction, exploitation, control, and conquest but often benefit from historically accumulated power and property, even while claiming commitments to community investment and health equity. Chapter 1 traces the historical development and role of medical institutions, especially hospitals, in promoting racial health inequalities. Then, I demonstrate how modern health systems are built to benefit from earlier regimes of extraction, exploitation, dispossession, control, and conquest, and how health sciences knowledge production often hides these structural causes of inequality. Chapter 2 explores the federal community benefit framework through the lens of structural racism, focusing on private, nonprofit hospitals. I examine nationwide trends in community benefit spending, the value of tax exemptions, and “fair share spending”—a measure developed by the Lown Institute that compares community investments to the estimated tax-exempt value. Using the Structural Racism Effect Index (SREI) and county-level racial demographics, I assess how hospitals exhibit racialized patterns in their investment or disinvestment in communities. I contend that community benefit policies, rather than addressing structural harms, function as tools to legitimize institutional power and secure tax advantages, with the costs ultimately passed on to taxpayers and communities most in need—demonstrating how nonprofit hospitals participate in racial capitalism. Chapter 3 uses a Settler-Colonial Racial Capitalism (SCRC) framework to analyze property tax exemptions, hospital siting, and wealth building through property assets. Based on historical and modern measures of neighborhood disadvantage, racial/ethnic makeup, and inequality, I assess the predicted property values of nonprofit hospitals that benefit from property tax exemptions over 10- and 20-year periods. I show how property tax exemptions, granted to nonprofit hospitals via community benefit regulations, have enabled hospitals to amass wealth and land in historically redlined and racially segregated neighborhoods. This reveals that community benefit can serve as a tool for extraction, displacement, gentrification, and institutional wealth growth, rather than genuine community investment. Chapter 4 links these organizational and policy dynamics to population health outcomes by combining Fundamental Cause Theory with Ray’s theory of racialized organizations. Viewing hospitals as meso-level institutions that mediate state power and resource distribution, I analyze the relationship between county-level fair-share spending (community investment minus tax-exempt value) and premature mortality rates, as well as differences across racial and ethnic groups. This analysis shows how nonprofit hospitals’ community investment efforts can either help reduce or reinforce resource-based health disparities. It demonstrates that although fair-share spending may offer a marginal protective benefit for some racial groups, fair-share spending itself is rooted in sociopolitical structures that uphold racial capitalism and settler colonialism, making its effects limited and emphasizing the need for solutions centered on collective action and reimagination. Thus, Chapter 5 shifts focus to application and praxis. Drawing on critical race and decolonial theories, I first explain the need for critical theories like SCRC to assess and interrogate healthcare institutions. Additionally, this chapter highlights the importance of connecting SCRC to theories of disease distribution. Finally, I present recommendations organized around four main pillars: reclaimed narrative and remembrance, resistance and reclaimed power, redress and repair, and radical reimagination. I emphasize how memorializing institutional harms, community-governed and community-accountable health models, Land Back and reparations initiatives, and institutional redress efforts can collectively shift hospitals away from racialized extraction and toward meaningful accountability, redistribution, and community self-determination in health.


Abstract: “Unmaking Tradition” analyzes three government- and museum-sponsored projects during the 1930s and 1940s that sought to “revitalize” customary Native American arts. Amidst the WPA’s unprecedented federal investments in the arts and the Indian Reorganization Act’s reversal of assimilationist Indian policy, the interwar period marked an era of broad reckoning—both within and outside of Indigenous communities—regarding what “tradition” meant and the place of tradition(s) within modern artistic practice. This dissertation argues that craft became a central medium for Native artists and intellectuals to reframe colonial tropes of tradition, authenticity, and historical study that dominated the study and sale of their artwork. Craft revitalization, for these projects’ participants, did not denote an unproblematic return to a presumed period of “cultural purity”; rather, it was a modern impetus to redefine ancestral images and craft practices to resist ongoing intellectual and political settler-colonialism. This argument unfolds over three case studies. Chapter 1 discusses the WPA-funded Seneca Arts Project, an attempt to create a modern Seneca ethnographic collection. This chapter illustrates how copying and historical replication became modes for Seneca artists to test the plasticity of Seneca notions of tradition. Chapter 2 turns to the Hopi Silver Project, a museum’s attempt to invent an “authentic” Hopi style of jewelry, thereby sending ancestral Hopi images into economic circulation in defiance of Hopi cultural protocols. Analyzing two Hopi artists’ reinterpretation of the project after World War II, I illustrate how these artists developed aesthetic strategies to harness image circulation reparative ways. Chapter 3 addresses the Nome Skin Sewers Cooperative Association, an Iñupiaq collective commissioned by the US Army to create fur parkas and mukluks for soldiers during World War II. Fur sewing, I argue, represented a place-based form of knowledge that resisted incorporation into extractivist systems of western science and capitalism, thereby providing a basis for Iñupiaq political advocacy. Together, these chapters highlight how Indigenous participants contested these projects’ top-down directives, articulating “craft knowledge” as a living practice that defied outsiders’ desires to codify, taxonomize, and define it.


Abstract: This chapter demonstrates how Zionism, as a structuring ideology of settler colonialism, has come to delimit the contours of dissent, academic freedom, and acceptable speech within American higher education through a gendered politics of “civility.” Taking as its point of departure the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign’s “un-hiring” of Palestinian American scholar Steven Salaita in 2014, it situates this incident within a longer genealogy of American academia’s complicity in the occupation of indigenous and Palestinian lands. It argues that Zionist discourse operates through a masculinist grammar which renders Palestinian dissent ‘uncivil,’ excessive, and disposable, while simultaneously feminizing and precarizing dissenting academic labor. By reading Salaita’s case alongside contemporary crackdowns on pro-Palestinian campus protests following Israel’s war on Gaza since October 2023, the chapter illustrates how the First Amendment of the United States Constitution functions at cross purposes with settler colonial amnesia embedded within land-grant universities. The analysis further connects the gendering of Palestinian voices to the adjunctification and disposability of contingent academic labor, showing how dissenting scholars are cast as surplus, waste, or reserve labor by neoliberal American universities. The chapter contends that the policing of ‘incivility’ in American academia reproduces settler colonial power by regulating speech, gender, and belonging under contemporary geopolitical pressures.


Abstract: The fields of conservation and environmentalism prioritize ecosystem health, yet both emerged from western frameworks that displaced and criminalized Indigenous land stewardship. The idealization of “pristine wilderness” narratives served to justify the removal of Indigenous peoples from their homelands and erased millennia of sustainable land stewardship that had maintained ecological balance long before western conservation existed. These narratives not only misrepresented Indigenous relationship with land but also constructed a false dichotomy between humans and nature that positioned Indigenous presence as a threat rather than a source of ecological knowledge. Simultaneously, anthropogenic expansion; such as pipelines, mining, railroads, and other extractive infrastructures, violated Indigenous sovereignty and intensified ecological disruption. These processes are not isolated historical events but ongoing forms of environmental racism that produce disproportionate harm to Indigenous communities through land dispossession, cultural erasure, and the degradation of ecosystems central to cultural health and identity. Current political rollbacks on environmental protections further exacerbate these injustices by weakening tribal consultation, expanding extractive development, and undermining Indigenous governance. Effective conservation and sustainability require Indigenous leadership, recognition of sovereignty, and the restoration of land-based governance systems that have supported ecosystems for generations. Repairing these fields demands centering Indigenous authority rather than erasing or appropriating Indigenous knowledge. Without Indigenous-led decision-making, conservation and environmental sustainability efforts risk reproducing the same colonial structures that created ecological and social harm in the first place.




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