Abstract: In the ongoing occupation of Palestine by the State of Israel, the built environment is weaponised as a tool of expansion, control, and systemic oppression. This is visible in the West Bank, where illegal Israeli settlements encroach on Palestinian lands, with architecture operating as an instrument of colonial occupation. These settlements, initially temporal in nature, evolve into fully fledged towns and neighbourhoods, with their growth enabled by the Israeli government, despite being classed as illegal under Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention. As of 2025, the Israeli government has escalated both the construction of illegal settlements and the demolition of Palestinian properties. In the same year, the Israeli Knesset (parliament) symbolically voted to annex the West Bank. This development marks a new stage of the occupation since 1948, with the constant threat on Palestinians’ ability to remain on their land. However, the expansion of these settlements remains largely undocumented in conventional architectural and urban discourse. Traditional methods of site investigation and their subsequent representations, such as GIS systems, aerial maps, or statepublished surveys, are either inaccessible or deliberately censored by the Israeli security apparatus. This thesis addresses this issue by utilising a research methodology inspired by the practices of London-based research organisation Forensic Architecture. In the absence of conventional data, alternative sources are collected — publicly available images, videos, social media content and historical records. This data then allows for the spatial violence of the occupation to be traced, recorded and visualised in a way that conventional mapping does not capture. Through this methodology, the thesis documents the occupation within three specific sites (Avnei Hefetz, Hebron and Khallet ad Dabaa) in the West Bank. Alongside this, embroidery emerges as a tool for design-thinking, by processing complex concepts engaged with in this research, This thesis makes the proposition that the countermapping of sites of illegal settlement in the West Bank can be achieved through an interwoven practice of contemporary embroidery and digital video-making to understand the role of architecture in the occupation of Palestine.






Abstract: Migration has played a key role in the dispossession of Indigenous peoples and the founding, consolidation, and maintenance of the settler nation state of Canada. Immigrant acculturation and a history of the forced assimilation of Indigenous peoples continue to shape Canadian society, yet researchers only rarely consider these processes together (Bohaker & Iacovetta, 2009; Chatterjee, 2019; Perzyna & Bauer, 2022). To investigate the complexity of second-generation immigrant acculturation and how individuals might consider histories of immigration in connection with Indigeneity, I conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 second-generation Canadians of European descent. Would acculturation reproduce White settler identities or would their culturally hybridized identities contest categorization as White settlers? A theoretical framework drawing from settler colonialism (Snelgrove et al., 2014; Veracini, 2010, 2024; Wolfe, 2006), a robust model of acculturation (Berry, 2005, 2006), whiteness as structure (Ignatiev, 2005; Owen, 2007; Nayak, 2007; Satzewich, 2000) and theories of temporality (Blackstock et al., 2020; Povinelli, 2010; Ricœur 1980; 2004) addressed the complexity implied by these questions. Using comparative data analysis of constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz 2007, 2014), my findings reveal how temporality, difference, and place produce complex identities of integrated multidimensionality. Temporality and associated communicative memories were significant factors in identity formation. Participants, raised in the diasporic past/present and the settler present, navigated lifeworlds that existed in different temporal frames. Social mobility was attainable through education, but deficient social capital in professional settings challenged meritocratic beliefs (Aslam & Lehmann, 2021). Educated in colonial time, participants perceived Indigenous peoples as distant in time and place. They subordinated their racialized identities to their ethnic origins, contested their blame for Canadian history, and disputed notions of privilege because culture, language, social capital, and proximate histories determined their social locations, relations to others, and perceptions of themselves as White. I identify this social location as settler colonial subordinate whiteness. These findings imply a distinction between a settler and an immigrant identity determined by history, collective memory, and sovereign entitlement. These distinctions indicate how political identities might be reconfigured (Mamdani, 2020), a necessary step toward transforming Canadian society.


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