Abstract: This thesis examines the transformation of the Great Lakes borderlands in the 1860s and 1870s, a period in which overlapping claims to sovereignty gave way to the consolidation of centralized settler states in the North American West. In the western Great Lakes Borderlands–encompassing present-day Minnesota and Manitoba–Indigenous nations, the United States, and the British Empire contested authority, and irreconcilable understandings of sovereignty produced sustained conflict and instability. Focusing on the American Civil War, the Dakota War of 1862, and the Red River Rebellion as interconnected crises, the thesis argues that these conflicts accelerated the consolidation of federal and imperial authority by pushing the United States and the British Empire (later Canada) toward centralized control over contested western territories and Indigenous populations. U.S. suppression of Dakota resistance eradicated Indigenous sovereignty claims in Minnesota, while the Dakota flight across the 49th parallel exposed the fragility of imperial authority. In Rupert’s Land, the inability of the Hudson’s Bay Company to enforce order revealed the limits of company rule and contributed to the transfer of political authority in the Northwest from a commercial monopoly to the expanding Canadian state. The resulting resistance in Red River emerged after the transfer of Rupert’s Land to Canada threatened the political autonomy and landholding practices of the Métis, a distinct Indigenous and mixed-ancestry community that had long dominated the region’s fur trade economy. Although the resistance was contained through a negotiated incorporation into the new Canadian dominion, many of the promised protections quickly eroded as settlement expanded westward. In the years that followed, Canadian officials increasingly used treaties as instruments of settler colonialism expansion, facilitating settlement while gradually subordinating Indigenous and Métis autonomy across the Northwest. Ultimately, this thesis argues that the Great Lakes borderlands served as a crucible for continental change, where Indigenous resistance, settler-state expansion, and racial hierarchies reshaped political and spatial orders. By linking regional conflicts to transnational processes, it demonstrates that the consolidation of the United States and Canada emerged not as isolated national projects, but as interconnected responses to shared challenges of sovereignty, migration, and control.




Abstract: This article examines the status negotiation of the orphan in late Victorian Canadian literaturethrough a postcolonial and settler-colonial lens. The primary objective is to analyzethetransformation of the protagonist, Anne Shirley, from a marginalized Street Arabtoanenfranchised Scholar, illustrating how this trajectory mirrors the consolidation of the British-Canadian settler state. The methodology employs a qualitative literary analysis of LucyMaud Montgomery’s Anne of Green Gables (1908), utilizing close-reading techniques andcoding for themes such as linguistic re-colonization, domestic discipline, and academicmeritocracy. The study specifically maps the racialized and classed anxieties of the erabytracing the shift from Anne’s initial classification as a manual labor unit to her recognitionasan intellectual vanguard. Main outcomes and results reveal that settler belonging is achievedthrough the systematic erasure of the original inhabitants of Prince Edward Island. Anne’simagination serves as a colonial tool to rename the landscape and impose Eurocentricromantic ideals, while education functions as a primary mechanismfor individual andprofessional recolonization. The conclusions indicate that the orphan heroine’s success isanaffirmation of the settler’s radical underlying title to the land. Ultimately, the studydemonstrates that achieving domestic and social belonging in Avonlea is contingent uponmastering the imperial canon and adopting a specific British-Protestant social sensibility.


Abstract: This paper takes as its centerpoint the critical category of “internal colonialism,” an important concept in both social movements and in sociology across different contexts. We trace a world-historical genealogy of the concept, focusing on North America (the United States), Latin America (Mexico and Bolivia), and South Asia (India), evaluating its epistemic-political values for critical theory, social research, and a politics of liberation today. While many scholars consider the concept passé, we argue, following scholars such as Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, that internal colonialism is a key analytical framework that continues to be relevant. We emphasize three points. First, against internal colonialism formulations that characterize it as a US theory of race grounded upon debates of the 1960s–70s, we note its internationalist and transnational dimensions, and locate its significance in both framing struggles for self-determination and in critiques of the modern territorial state (national and/or imperial) and uneven development. Second, we locate internal colonialism as a category that can be brought into conversation with settler-colonial studies, the “decolonial turn,” and racial capitalism—an encouraging trend we already observe in recent literature. Third, we recenter internal colonialism’s significance in formulating a historically grounded, anti-capitalist, antiauthoritarian framework that eschews a liberal politics of multiculturalism and a neat Global North/South divide, calling instead for a transcalar methodology.



Abstract: A Lost Lady by Willa Cather reproduces a dominant cultural narrative that glorifies the aesthetic of the upper-class early settlers of the Western United States who accumulated wealth and property in the process of constructing a new colonial society. Cather does not entirely erase the losses experienced by Indigenous people as a direct result of colonization, but histories of land theft and colonial violence remain marginal to the venerable origin story of settlement in her novel. While Cather occasionally references both settler violence and an Indigenous presence, she works to separate these two traces of settler knowledge about conquest: settler characters generally enact or think of violence while erasing its racialized and colonized victims, and allusions to Indigenous people appear in recollections of seemingly peaceful conquest. I build on settler colonial theory to examine the mechanisms by which Cather occludes the harm of colonization, including through the transferal of the settler violence against Indigenous people onto non-human life, the privileging of upper-class settler narratives, and the implementation of a colonial temporal order. I examine how Cather’s faultless characterization of Captain Forrester, whose life story comes to stand for the experiences of early settlers, works to preserve a palatable narrative of Westward expansion and facilitates the cross-generational transmission of a glorified origin story within dominant collective memory.




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