Abstract: This paper examines American public land policy from the colonial period through the antebellum era, emphasizing the gap between formal policy and settlement on the ground. Early national policymakers faced competing objectives: generating revenue from western lands, promoting orderly territorial expansion and facilitating landownership among independent farmers. Federalists, and later Whigs, generally favored revenue-oriented policies and sales to large purchasers, while Jeffersonian Republicans and Jacksonian Democrats increasingly favored policies benefiting small settlers. Yet neither approach adequately accounted for the limited administrative and coercive capacity of the early American state. Settlers routinely occupied desirable land before surveys and legal sales, establishing claims through possession and improvement. Because the federal government lacked the resources to prevent or reverse this process, Congress repeatedly accommodated squatters through preemption measures that transformed unauthorized settlement into recognized property rights. These practices drew on colonial precedents and were reinforced by a republican and Jacksonian ideology associating independent landownership with citizenship, equality and opposition to monopoly. By the 1841 Preemption Act, episodic concessions to squatters had effectively become permanent policy. Early American land policy thus demonstrates how limited state capacity and settlers’ actions shaped the public domain more powerfully than formal policies enacted in Washington.








Description: This volume offers examinations that help better understand how Israel’s genocide in Gaza was perpetrated, the role of global and regional orders in enabling the destruction, and ways to challenge erasure. Drawing on a range of perspectives—such as international law, anthropology, politics and international relations, media studies, feminist approaches, Indigenous and settler colonial studies—the chapters reflect a collective affirmation of the continued utility and importance of the concept of genocide for making sense of Israel’s destruction of Gaza. They provide a pedagogical tool for preventing revisionist and denial narratives seeking to justify Israel’s genocide. One chapter examines how a central way in which Israel has justified genocidal attacks has been through the international legal figure of the ‘human shield’. Another chapter draws on ethnographic methods with Palestinian survivors to map some of the direct and indirect mental health implications of the ongoing genocide in Gaza on children. A further chapter elucidates the characteristics of transnational constitution and complicity by examining the ways in which the global arms trade and patterns of military collaboration have enabled the commission of genocide in Gaza. The diversity of perspectives across social science disciplines will serve as a valuable resource for students and scholars of genocide studies, international law, international relations, Middle East studies, conflict studies, as well as for those seeking to critically engage with the profound, global transformations that the Gaza genocide has precipitated.


Abstract: Colonial misappropriation refers to the ways that settler colonial government agencies and institutions misappropriate Indigenous land, water, knowledge and bodies to defy national and tribal laws, extending settlement and solidifying ideologies that sustain difference. This paper examines one specific project – the Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) – to show how O’odham relationships and resources were misappropriated to build infrastructure for scientific and technological development on the Tohono O’odham Nation during the mid-twentieth century. By expanding their jurisdiction into O’odham lands through infrastructure projects and coercive lease arrangements, the United States government was able to further the development of KPNO. The accumulation of infrastructure and misappropriation of land, water, labor and material culture benefited the observatory and astronomy industry at the expense of O’odham sovereignty and livelihoods. Government officials and workers then re-narrated this history in exhibits and promotional literature to celebrate the observatory’s continued presence on O’odham lands. This paper contributes to scholarship on infrastructure within settler colonial studies by discussing land speculation, settler expansion and resource colonialism across tribal boundaries. Additionally, it attends to the promises of economic benefit and the misappropriation of Indigenous labor for infrastructure projects to reveal architectures of dependency.





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