Description: “The single most destructive act ever perpetrated on any tribe by the United States,” Vine Deloria Jr. called it. For the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara communities living on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in North Dakota, the construction of the Garrison Dam as part of the New Deal–era Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program meant the flooding of a third of their land, including their most fertile agricultural acreage, the loss of their homes, and wrenching relocation. In Damming the Reservation, Angela K. Parker, an enrolled member of the Three Affiliated Tribes, offers a deeply researched, unflinching history of the tribes’ fight to preserve and rebuild their culture, shared history, common stories, sense of place, and sovereignty. With the richly informed and deeply personal perspective of a historian and descendant of those who survived these events, Parker tracks the riverine communities from 1920 to 1960, in the years before, during, and after the Army Corps of Engineers did its devastating work. By studying the inextricable link between on-the-ground conditions and national policy, she builds a cohesive narrative for twentieth-century Native American history that hinges on the assertion of Indigenous sovereignties. These battles over land, water, and resources that constitute the “territory” required to maintain a working sovereign body are at the very heart of the Native American past, present, and future. The author shows how Indigenous resistance to the Garrison Dam created a new generation of activists, including Tillie Walker, the focus of the book’s epilogue. Damming the Reservation documents what can happen when a settler colonial nation tramples tribal rights while exerting control over rural hinterlands: in this case, the reservation community developed a praxis of self-determination and tribal sovereignty that trickled up to the national level so that tribal meanings came to saturate federal Indian policy. This is a history whose lessons echo through today’s most pressing environmental justice crises.





Abstract: The publication of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada in 2015 was a significant moment in both the story of Canadian-Indigenous relations and church-Indigenous relations. Churches across Canada have been wrestling not only with their complicity in the operation of residential schools but with their wider role in European colonialism. Many of the churches have initiated significant strategies for learning and education, and have explored ritual responses to residential schools and colonialism, such as land acknowledgements, art installations, and the reading of parts of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. This paper is not quite about these ritual practices. Instead, it takes a wider lens, asking about the context in which these practices take place: what does it mean to “do” liturgy—to practice Christian ritual, to ritualize—in Canada today? More broadly, however, it asks how settler colonialism—particular practices of violence and domination—impact ritualization in contexts across the world—and how this is all rooted in the land. This paper proceeds in three parts. First, it discusses the concepts of the body, ritualization, and contextualization in Catherine Bell’s Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice. Second, it examines settler colonialism using my own context of Canada as a particular example. Third, it draws on Cláudio Carvalhaes’ concept of lex naturae to expand Bell’s concept of the “body”: all (liturgical) practice must be seen through the lens of creation. Through a brief case study, it then demonstrates one way in which a Christian community has attempted to bring the voice of the land into liturgical practice and thus expand the ritualization of “bodies” in Christian ritual. Because of the way that settler colonialism functions in its global contexts, ritualization should understand the “body” as including the land and the interrelationship of all created things.