Abstract: During the nineteenth century an intense exploitation of natural resources such as wood and timber in what was considered “marginal” or remote regions started, and was driven by an ever-increasing demand in industrialized regions. One common denominator for the timber exploitation that opened the global expansion of capitalism beyond the borders of Europe was the brutal intrusions into Indigenous territories. The overall aim of this study is to analyse two timber frontier movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century: one in northern Sweden and one in southern Chile, intruding into previously un-logged old-growth forests on ancestral Indigenous territories. The large-scale commercial logging began around the mid-nineteenth century in both regions. It was driven by external demand and financed by national and/or international capital. New logging entrepreneurs moved into the territories and established sawmills, brought in workers to run the sawmills, cut trees in the forest and transported the timber to the sawmills. In northern Sweden the logging industry was the main economic activity, while in southern Patagonia the logging of timber was one of several forms of natural resource exploitations complemented by mining, rangeland sheep herding and trade through the region. In both regions, the logging frontier was often intertwined with agricultural expansion promoted by the state and global capitalism. In both studied regions the colonial legacy of the nineteenth century timber frontiers has left a heavy burden on the forest landscapes, on the rights of the Indigenous peoples whose lands were exploited and on the present legal situation. Challenges for the future are to re-establish recognition of Indigenous heritage and land tenure rights in both regions, according to international conventions, as well as restoring ecological qualities to the associated forest ecosystems for the sustainability of Indigenous practices.





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Abstract: This paper highlights contributions of Indigenous and decolonial scholars to semiology, focusing on how settler colonialism generates systems of meaning that support its establishment, maintenance, and reproduction as well as how intertwined myths contribute to sustain settler colonialism on Turtle Island. These scholars argue that settler colonialism’s longevity requires the naturalization and internalization of intertwined mythologies. These settler colonial mythologies justify violence against Indigenous people and the expropriation and exploitation of Indigenous land, resulting in ongoing social and environmental injustices. Further, settler colonial myths operate collectively even though they seem contradictory or circular. The Myth of the Ecological Savage and the Myth of the Ecological Saint reduce millions of diverse peoples into two stereotypes that promote settler colonial interests. Both myths support the Myth of Wilderness, an inaccurate description of land as untouched before European arrival. This myth was employed to justify genocidal and assimilationist practices beneficial to settler colonial interests. This myth also erases the relationships that Indigenous peoples had with land, justifying land theft. These myths also support the Myth of Wasteland, which claims that Indigenous peoples are wasting the land’s potential, further justifying land theft and exploitation. The Myth of Biological Race and the Myth of the Vanishing Indigene both assume what they supposedly find, and they both obscure the material and health-based consequences of settler colonialism, following a pattern of blaming the oppressed for their oppression. This myth diverts attention and removes responsibility from settler colonial production of racial health disparities, attributing these disparities to Indigenous genetics. These intertwined mythologies obscure Indigenous multiplicity and difference and establish and maintain settler colonialism by naturalizing and these myths and internalizing them into habits of perception. Studying these myths collectively illuminates what I call a settler colonial grammar, or the structural and systemic relationships between multiple myths and how they operate in conjunction. Thus, this paper argues that settler colonial systems of meaning should be de-naturalized and re-politicized as their continuation and materialization is lethal. Furthermore, the paper suggests that practices of radical resistance and refusal, as defined by Indigenous scholars, which can offer strategies for disrupting settler meanings and their correlated material institutions.