Abstract: Background: Indigenous communities in Canada are disproportionately affected by health conditions linked to stigma, warranting the attention of researchers seeking to understand this culturally-determined phenomenon. This study explores the scope of research on health-related stigma conducted with the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis Peoples. Method: We conducted a scoping review using the method described by Arksey and O’Malley. We searched health and social science databases from 1963 to present using the subject headings Stigma and Health delimited by terms indexing over 600 Indigenous groups in Canada. Within the 1,852 results, we searched for reports in which the construct stigma was used to describe some facet of the participants’ experience of a health condition. We excluded studies in which stigma derived from the participants’ sexual orientation, occupation, or cultural identity. We extracted information about the participants’ health condition, Indigenous affiliation, forms of stigma experienced, and their responses. Results: 25 studies involving 1,187 participants met our inclusion criteria. Inuit, First Nation, and Métis participants were drawn from communities in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Stigma was reported by people living with HIV, mental health concerns, tuberculosis, STIs, type 2 diabetes, arthritis, physical disabilities, asthma, arthritis, substance use disorders, and FASD. Most frequently they reported enacted stigma expressed as social and physical distancing by perpetrators who interpret the diagnoses and symptoms as marks of social deviance or disease contagion. The primary response to stigma was to conceal one’s condition in ways that increased the disease burden. Interpretation: Canada’s Indigenous communities have escaped the attention, or perhaps interest, of researchers investigating health-related stigma. In five decades of research, the subject surfaces only tangentially in reports designed to explore other aspects of their health. In the absence of research, pressing questions remain, some about stigma as a construct of social science and some about the health of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.


Description: The Indian government, touted as the world’s largest democracy, often repeats that Jammu and Kashmir—its only Muslim-majority state—is “an integral part of India.” The region, which is disputed between India and Pakistan, and is considered the world’s most militarized zone, has been occupied by India for over seventy-five years. In this book, Hafsa Kanjwal interrogates how Kashmir was made “integral” to India through a study of the decade long rule (1953-1963) of Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, the second Prime Minister of the State of Jammu and Kashmir. Drawing upon a wide array of bureaucratic documents, propaganda materials, memoirs, literary sources, and oral interviews in English, Urdu, and Kashmiri, Kanjwal examines the intentions, tensions, and unintended consequences of Bakshi’s state-building policies in the context of India’s colonial occupation. She reveals how the Kashmir government tailored its policies to integrate Kashmir’s Muslims while also showing how these policies were marked by inter-religious tension, corruption, and political repression. Challenging the binaries of colonial and postcolonial, Kanjwal historicizes India’s occupation of Kashmir through processes of emotional integration, development, normalization, and empowerment to highlight the new hierarchies of power and domination that emerged in the aftermath of decolonization. In doing so, she urges us to question triumphalist narratives of India’s state-formation, as well as the sovereignty claims of the modern nation-state.