Excerpt: The U.S. state of Wisconsin is well-known for its rich German (broadly speaking) heritage and culture, yet the number of competent German speakers has drastically decreased over the past century. Here, I discuss the present state of the German language in Wisconsin, with a particular focus on the moribund Pomeranian Low German dialect spoken in Marathon and Lincoln counties in the central area of the state. The primary data for the linguistic analysis come from interviews conducted by the author in 2013 and 2014 with the last generation of German speakers in this area. “Wisconsin German” differs from other German-American varieties such as Texas German and Pennsylvania German in that immigrants from different German dialect areas formed small, relatively isolated communities and largely maintained their regional varieties, and these varieties did not mix or coalesce into a unified, mutually intelligible koiné. Thus, the moniker “Wisconsin German” is less appropriate than community-specific terms such as “Central Wisconsin Pomeranian,” “Dane County Kölsch,” or “New Glarus Swiss German.” Like most German-American varieties, Wisconsin German has undergone drastic language shift since around 1940 and is nearing the point of language death, as most competent speakers are well over the age of 65. The Pomeranian Low German community of central Wisconsin is representative of this linguistic situation: the immigrants formed a small community in a rural area centered around small country churches and most speakers had some command of both the regional dialect and standard High German, resulting in a unique situation of language contact. In this paper, I first provide a general overview of German(s) in Wisconsin (Section 2), before discussing the sociohistorical background (Section 3) and structure (Section 4) of Central Wisconsin Pomeranian.



Description: A fresh narrative history of the rise of Rome’s empire in Italy, that exposes the monumental expansion of the Roman familial, social, political, and militaristic way of living across Italy. Before the Romans could become masters of the Mediterranean, they had to first conquer the people of their own peninsula. This book explores the origins of Roman imperialism and the creation of Rome’s early Italian empire, bringing new light and interpretations to this important but problematic period in Roman history. It explains how and why the Romans were able to expand their influence within Italy, often through the use of armed conflict, laying the foundations for their great imperial project. This book critically reexamines and reframes the traditional literary narrative within an archaeologically informed, archaic Italian context. Jeremy Armstrong presents a new interpretation of the early Roman army, highlighting the fluid and family-driven character which is increasingly visible in the evidence. Drawing on recent developments within the field of early Roman studies, Children of Mars argues that the emergence of Rome’s empire in Italy should not be seen as the spread of a distinct “Roman” people across Italian land, but rather the expansion of a social, political, and military network amongst the Italian people. Armstrong suggests that Rome’s early empire was a fundamentally human and relational one. While this reinterpretation of early Roman imperialism is no less violent than the traditional model, it alters its core dynamic and nature, and thus shifts the entire trajectory of Rome’s Republican history.






Abstract: This chapter explores the intricate relationship between memory, space, and white settler colonialism within Canada’s National Parks, using the Canada 150 Discovery Pass—a state-led commemorative program for Canada’s sesquicentennial—as a case study. It argues that these national parks, celebrated as iconic Canadian landscapes, are pivotal to a white settler national identity that necessitates the disremembering of colonial violence and dispossession for their very existence. The Canada 150 Discovery Parks Pass encouraged Canadians to reflect on, project, and imagine what it means to be Canadian through the viewing and spatial transit of these places purported to represent the best of Canada and its citizen-subjects. However, these parks are also sites of forced removals of Indigenous nations, marked by the dispossessive violence of white settler colonialism, which relies on the attempted erasure and forgetting of Indigenous presence. This chapter contends that these parks, while celebrated as iconic Canadian landscapes, are crucial sites for the production and maintenance of a white settler national identity. Drawing on the work of Critical Race scholars and Indigenous artist Rebecca Belmore’s aesthetic intervention, Wave Sound, the chapter demonstrates how the pass consolidates a white possessive subjectivity that justifies ongoing colonial land appropriation and elides colonial history. In contrast, Belmore’s sculptural objects, installed in four National Parks, invited visitors to listen to the land rather than merely view and transit through it, thereby offering an opportunity to challenge official memory and foster alternative forms of remembering.