Abstract: The essay explores the spatial myth of America as constructed through photography, focusing on the American West. It argues that photography has historically shaped the American myth by visualizing the frontier as a contact zone between wilderness and civilization. Using a theoretical framework grounded topological analysis, the essay juxtaposes 19th-century images of progress and expansion with contemporary photographs of desolation and abandonment, revealing a haunting return of the past through spatial configurations that challenge and perpetuate the myth differently. The essay traces the development of Western photography from Civil War-era documentation to the King Survey’s images that combined technological progress and wilderness, revealing how photography’s evidentiary power was intertwined with expansionist imperialism. It then examines the contemporary photographic representation of empty, decaying American spaces as a form of double exposure, where past progress and present abandonment co-exist and entangle topologically as one. This new perspective incorporates psychoanalytic concepts of extimacy and spatial theories such as Soja’s Thirdspace to argue for a breakdown of the binary myth of the frontier and a reconfiguration of photographic spaces as sites of lived experience and haunting. Ultimately, the analysis puts forward the notion of a photographic “ontopology,” where images are not mere temporal records but spatial analogies that sustain the myth of the West through an ongoing visual dialogue.



Abstract: What does it mean to live in the specter of death, both literal and symbolic? How does it feel to witness the plausibility of the destruction of one’s peoplehood? This paper investigates the multifaceted presence of death in the lives of Palestinian citizens in Israel, situating their experience within the broader sociological literature on death and structural violence, and the colonizing of emotions. While historical tactics in settler colonial cases have ranged from displacement to genocide depending on a convergence of factors, a persistent feature across colonized experience is the specter of death—felt and anticipated. The article examines four intersecting forms of death: (1) The proliferating crisis of intracommunal crime and homicide; (2) the imposition of social death through settler colonial practices in the wake of the war; (3) the affective and political experience of witnessing the genocide against Palestinians in Gaza since October 2023; and (4) the convergence of material and symbolic violences, including the constant threat of incidental death. Through a critical engagement with sociological theories of death—particularly as they relate to biopolitics, necropolitics, and indigenous survivance—the paper conceptualizes death not as an endpoint but as a sociopolitical condition under settler colonial rule. In doing so, it foregrounds how Palestinians confront the colonizing of emotions and articulate forms of endurance, refusal, and collective meaning-making amid conditions of ongoing elimination.




Abstract: The future of outer space and space law is closely related to the newly developing wave of neo-colonialism on earth. The increasing impact of major power relations, resource driven agendas and with this transformation in global geopolitics, world has seen populist leaders such as Donald Trump emerge in the United States, which means that much of mankind’s colonization in space will be shaped by these factors that are discretely happening on earth. This paper contends that as emerging geopolitical dynamics and the expansion of corporate entities in space alter the prospects for outer space and space law, there are also new challenges. The historical neo-colonial behavioral patterns on earth have increased the risk of “space colonialism”. Such practices threaten peaceful and sustainable exploration of space for all. The study looks at the weaknesses of current space law, particularly the Outer Space Treaty; resource exploration, the activities of the private sector i.e. non state actors and conflict prevention. It calls for a legal framework which is both robust and accommodating of the increasing participation by private actors, protecting equitable access to space resources and preventing this from being monopolized by just a few. The paper explores the need for international cooperation, innovative public private governance models and new mechanisms of law to manage resources to protect the environment and resolve conflicts. It emphasizes the need for perspectives from developing countries to be taken into account, to ensure that benefits are equitably shared and not widening already existing global inequalities. Finally, this paper calls for a multidisciplinary approach which combines perspectives from international relations with those of space law so that all humans can look forward to a time when development in outer space is peaceful, sustainable and fair.