settler colonial studies blog

Why should settlers be compensated? Joseph Mudau, ‘Land Expropriation without Compensation in a Former Settler Colony: A Polemic Discourse’, African Renaissance, 18, 3, 2021

03Nov21

Abstract: In geopolitical discourse, monopolistic institutions and developed states continue to compete for Africa’s land and its natural resources. In the 1990s, neoliberal preying and privatisation of state institutions, financialisation of national economies and the silent alienation of land by domestic and foreign capitalists were some of the strategies that exacerbated neoliberalism in the land reform policy in South Africa. Africa’s land question and its socio-economic transformation remain critical in the public discourse that seeks to generate alternative development trajectories, particularly in the context of land reform. Empirical evidence indicates that Africa’s land question has tended to focus on land tenure and livelihoods but hardly on the question of agrarian development and the expropriation of land without compensation. South Africa is no exception. South African history is tainted by the fight over land. The arduous nature of land ownership patterns and the unresolved historic problems have prompted a new debate. Closely related to this debate is the land expropriation without compensation policy. Contemporary scholarship pertaining to the land question in South Africa is underpinned by the identification of areas of discord in the landscape patterns and the different contexts and conditions under which Black rural people live. The land question in South Africa is associated with elements of neoliberalism that benefit the white elite and global capital system. The imprint of forceful removal of natives from their land is indelible, while the legacy of reversing that onerous effects remains questionable. This study is non-empirical in nature and relies on a critical review of the literature as a methodological approach to gathering insights. The objective is to explore how neoliberalism has succeeded in capturing and repacking the South Africa land reform policy and, in the process, tainted the notion of land expropriation without compensation. A summation and conclusion are also provided.

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The settler colonialism of Irish Protestantism: Anne Jamison, ‘Irish Protestant colonialism and educational ideology in Australia: Hannah Boyd’s letters on education (1848)’, Australian Literary Studies, 36, 2, 2021

03Nov21

Abstract: The transnational movement between Ireland and Australia of school periodicals, pedagogical ideas and educational theories are writ large in histories of colonial education in Australia; from the Irish National School Readers that circulated in the colonies, to the transference of the Irish National Board’s Model School system from Dublin to Melbourne. Less attention has been paid, however, to the specific brand of Irish Protestant colonial thinking that often colours and motivates this transnational movement, as well as the educational ideologies and literature that were shaped by it in Australia. This essay takes Irish-born Hannah Villiers Boyd’s educational treatise, Letters on Education (1848), as its core focus. Recognised by scholars as one of the earliest educational treatises in Australia, and an important text in the cultural history of women’s social reform and education, the text has been analysed for its formal and generic features as a nineteenth-century parenting manual. This essay adds another dimension to this line of thinking. By paying close attention to the text’s engagement with Irish writer and educationist, Maria Edgeworth, as well as other Irish writers and political figures (Carleton, O’Connell), this essay will explore how Boyd’s familial and socio-cultural Irish background modulates the text’s approach to education, as well as shapes its utopian projections of a future Australian nation. As such, this essay will demonstrate the Irish intersections that potentially shape in significant ways the text’s educational ideologies and, more specifically, illustrate how Boyd’s didactic perspectives on rural home education for young girls in Australia are both inflected and moulded by Irish Protestant colonial politics and culture.

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The settler colonialism of women: Sally Mennill, ‘”Pioneering” Women: Tales of Female Settler Colonialism in BC, A Review Essay, BC Studies, 211, 2021, pp. 115-221

03Nov21

Excerpt: In 2018 and 2019 a handful of popular histories telling the stories of women settlers in early British Columbia were published. Composed by authors of varying persuasions and motivations and published by TouchWood Editions and the Royal BC Museum, these texts trace the experiences of a variety of women who, at the behest of their family members, came to British Columbia seeking a new life and adventure in the late nineteenth century and into the twentieth. These books, which highlight and bring to light some of the extraordinary adventures of early BC settler women, reify the tropes of settler colonialism in their lack of critical engagement with their subjects’ racism.

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Settler critical infrastructures: Kai Bosworth, Charmaine Chua, ‘The Countersovereignty of Critical Infrastructure Security: Settler-State Anxiety versus the Pipeline Blockade’, Antipode, 2021

03Nov21

Abstract: Scholars argue that blockades of infrastructure pose an economic threat to capital circulation. This explains how activists can gain power through strategic spatial occupations and why states seek to protect “critical infrastructure” from disruption. However, Indigenous-led blockades of pipelines gain power not (only) by disrupting economic flows alone, but by eliciting state anxieties about the racialised political, psychic and economic project of settler colonialism. Analysing public discourse surrounding the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines, including legislative measures introduced to criminalise protest since the blockade at Standing Rock, we reframe critical infrastructure security as a component operation of settler countersovereignty. The criminalisation of Indigenous dissent through the state’s escalation of protest legislation is an investment in maintaining settler political authority, leading us to conclude that blockades must be understood not only as a form of anti-capitalist resistance, but also as a locus of anti-colonial struggle.

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Settler unseeing: Laurel R. Davis-Delano, Sita L. Strother, Joseph P. Gone, ‘Perceived indicators of American Indian identity in everyday interaction: navigating settler-colonial erasure’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2021

30Oct21

Abstract: A primary process in settler colonial societies is erasure of Indigenous presence. We employ a symbolic interactionist approach, embedded in macro-level critical analysis, to explore the conveyance and interpretation of American Indian identity in everyday interaction in the settler colonial society of the United States. We surveyed 213 White American participants, asking them to write about indicators they utilize to determine American Indian identity, and 104 American Indian participants, asking them to write about experiences associated with conveying and others interpreting their American Indian identities. Our findings reveal similarities and differences between White and American Indian perspectives associated with three types of indicators: perceived phenotypical, perceived cultural, and verbal. We find that racialized phenotypical perceptions of American Indian identity contribute to misidentification and invisibility of American Indian people. Cultural stereotypes also contribute to invisibility. We situate these findings in dominant U.S. culture and structures rooted in settler colonial processes.

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Settler colonial taxpayers: Kyle Willmott, Alec Skillings, ‘Anti-Indigenous policy formation : Settler colonialism and neoliberal political advocacy’, Canadian Review of Sociology, 2021

30Oct21

Abstract: Political advocacy groups have a quiet role in much of the analysis of Indigenous-settler relations, reconciliation, and ongoing settler colonialism. Using a data set of 407 texts covering a range of 21 years (1998-2019), we conducted a content analysis on the Canadian Taxpayers Federation (CTF), a well-known ‘taxpayer’ group that has long engaged in hostile analysis of First Nations. We describe the various themes that the CTF writes about in relation to Indigenous peoples, discuss the temporal changes in how the CTF discusses policy, and offer theoretical analysis that demonstrates how neoliberal political advocacy groups have looked to weaken and attack the position of Indigenous nations in relation to settler colonial Canada.

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Settler colonial Brazil: Desiree Poets, ‘Citizenship and settler colonialism in Brazil: The toré ritual as a decolonial indigenous practice in the Northeast Region’, Citizenship Studies, 2021

30Oct21

Abstract: This article argues that settler colonialism structures Indigenous rights in Brazil and shows how Indigenous peoples have also engaged Indigenous rights to interrupt settler colonialism. To this end, it turns to the 20^th century (re-)emergence of officially extinct Indigenous peoples in Brazil’s Northeast Region and the central role of the toré ritual in this process. While the toré reversed the settler colonial logic of Indigenous elimination and dispossession, the Indigenous (re-)emergences also operated within the possibilities of settler policy. Lingering in the tense gap between citizenship’s limits and possibilities under settler colonialism, the article argues that the toré, by mobilizing bodies, land, culture, and memory, underscores the performative aspect of citizenship and the role of embodied practices in decolonization. Stressing the imbrication of the performative, the material, and the political, the paper offers a Brazilian perspective on debates on Indigenous refusal and the politics of recognition, challenging their simplistic dichotomization.

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The new age of removal: Osamu Kumasaka, Robin Bronen, Elise Harrington, Janelle Knox-Hayes, Shirley Laska, Albert Naquin, Andy Patrick, Kristina Peterson, Stanislaus Tom, ‘Planning for resettlement: building partnerships for, by, and with Indigenous peoples’, GeoJournal, 2021

28Oct21

Abstract: Efforts in the United States to plan or implement relocation in response to climate risks have struggled to improve material conditions for participants, to incorporate local knowledge, and to keep communities intact. Mixed methodologies of community geography provide an opportunity for dialogue and knowledge-sharing to collaboratively diagnose the challenges of climate adaptation led by communities. In this article, we advance a participatory practice model for the co-creation of knowledge initiated during a two-day workshop with members from the Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw Tribe from Isle de Jean Charles in Louisiana, Yup’ik people from Newtok Village in Alaska, and researchers from the MIT Resilient Communities Lab. Building on prior scholarship of indigenizing climate change research, this article shares the experience of the workshop to support knowledge exchange and dialogue, with the goal of understanding how to build participatory and non-extractive community-academic partnerships. We reflect on the community values and principles used to guide this workshop to inform more inclusive and co-produced research partnerships, and pedagogies that can improve and assist the self-determination of groups impacted by climate change. Workshop presentations and discussions highlight interconnected themes of resources, systems & structures, regulatory imbalance, and resilience that underpin climate resettlement. We reflect on the narratives presented by members of both Indigenous tribes and NGO partners that illustrate the shortcomings of resettlement planning practices past and present as perpetuating existing inequality. In response to this structured knowledge exchange, we identify potential roles for community-academic partnerships that aim to improve the equity of existing resettlement models. We propose approaches for incorporating traditional knowledge into the pedagogy, discourse, and practice of academic planning programs.

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Crafting rights: Wybren Nooitgedagt, Ana Figueiredo, Borja Martinović, Karina Marambio, ‘Autochthony and investment beliefs as bases for territorial ownership and compensation in settler societies: The case of Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups in Chile’, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 85, 2021, pp. 236-253

28Oct21

Abstract: We examined how autochthony belief (entitlements from first arrival) and investment belief (entitlements from working the land) guide attitudes towards territorial compensation of Indigenous groups in settler societies. We expected autochthony and investment beliefs to be respectively related to more and less territorial compensation, via higher and lower perceptions of Indigenous ownership. We tested this in Chile among non-Indigenous Chileans and Indigenous Mapuche. In Study 1 among non-Indigenous Chilean students (N = 611) we found that autochthony belief was related to a greater support for territorial compensation of the first inhabitants, the Mapuche, whereas investment belief was related to a lesser support for territorial compensation. In Study 2 we contrasted self-identified non-Indigenous Chileans (N = 121) with self-identified Indigenous Mapuche (N = 226) and found that for both groups autochthony belief was related to greater support for territorial compensation via higher recognition of Indigenous territorial ownership. Interestingly, for non-Indigenous Chileans, investment belief was related to less willingness to compensate, whereas for Mapuche it was related to more claims for compensation via stronger perceptions of Indigenous ownership. Together, these findings show that endorsement of autochthony belief is an argument that validates Indigenous ownership among both groups, whereas different dimensions of the investment belief can be used by both groups to claim more positive outcomes for their own in-group.

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Universal rights? Jayes Dylan Page Sebastian, Challenging Rights-Based Redress: White Supremacy, Heteropatriarchy, Settler Colonialism and the Promise of the Universal, PhD dissertation, UC Riverside, 2021

28Oct21

Abstract: This dissertation engages how the framework of ‘universal rights’ is a modern concept inherently tied to colonialism. I show how rights-based redress is in fact a limited means for contemporary movements seeking to challenge structures of colonial state violence because the ongoing structures of white supremacy, heteropatriarchy, and capitalism remain intact within colonial-modernity. Using a methodological genealogy centered in Critical Ethnic Studies, legal history, and critical rights discourses, I engage this dynamic through the work of 16th century Spanish jurist Francisco de Vitoria as he configured a set of universal rights to justify Spanish colonialism. I trace this work to its 20th century re-uptake in the rise of International law as it bolstered the development of universal human rights regime by maintaining the colonial relationship of Mandate colonialism into neocolonialism through the United Nations. I argue that the formation of what we think of as modern and universal rights developed because of and through the colonial relation of modernity to produce and maintain power imbalances through hierarchies of race, class, gender, sexuality, among other disciplining vectors. In locating the relationality of rights as emergent and related to colonial power, and not as separate from it or even emancipatory from it, I contend we can understand both the promise and the ‘paradox’ of rights as in fact essential to the maintenance of the current global socio-political order.

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