Abstract: In the late nineteenth century, following the conclusion of the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s, settler society in Aotearoa undertook a political economic project aimed at intensifying and consolidating the local settler colonial project. In doing so, the 1870s were marked by metabolic explosion: the systematic, temporally compressed, and politically driven transformation of environment, ecology, energy, landscape, political economy, and society in the archipelago. In their attempt to consolidate settler colonialism, Pākehā society thus became inheritors of the British fossil economy, and the varying political economic and environmental practices they adopted combined to form a metabolic feedback loop of dizzying complexity and simultaneity. This thesis examines how Pākehā society understood ecology, defined broadly as a set of discourses concerning collective human relations to nature and ideas about the relationship between species. Adopting a cultural materialist approach centered upon the relationship between metabolic explosion, settler colonialism, and discourse, this thesis delivers a critical assessment of the structure and politics of Pākehā ecological discourse in late nineteenth-century New Zealand. Using actors’ categories provided by William Pember Reeves’ 1898 history, The Long White Cloud, it finds that these discourses assumed a dialectical structure. The “thesis” valourized colonization by understanding the archipelago as “void space,” meant to be filled by foreign flora, fauna, and people. The “antithesis” bemoaned the ruinous and ecocidal character of Pākehā settlement, with the effect of influencing early and often unsuccessful attempts at forest preservation. The “synthesis,” emerging out of Darwinian natural history, was an ambivalent utilitarianism, overdetermined by metabolic explosion and the cultural logic of settler colonialism and which precluded any truly radical critique of Pākehā environmental and ecological transformation. Despite the supersession of this thinking by the early twentieth century, a similar utilitarian ambivalence has marked popular discourse about the environment and ecology in the Occident and beyond throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.



Abstract: This dissertation explores the entanglements of colonialism, discourses of sexuality, and eroticism in the Southern Cone of Latin America through an interdisciplinary lens that includes historical anthropology of the borderlands, settler colonial studies, political theory, gender and sexuality studies, and psychoanalysis. It centers on the persistent colonial fantasies surrounding white women allegedly captured during Indigenous raids in the regions that now comprise Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. I conceptualize these narratives—combining the figure of the captive woman (la cautiva), Indigenous raids (malones), and the borderland setting—as “scenes of captivity.” These scenes form a rich and evolving cultural and literary archive that spans from the seventeenth century to the present. The dissertation argues that placing the erotic language of these scenes within settler colonial contexts reveals how domination is imagined and reproduced through cultural forms in unexpected ways, often entangled with narratives of sexuality and desire. This approach traces the legacy of Spanish colonialism into the contemporary political imagination. Rather than interpreting la cautiva as a mere allegory of emerging nation-states, I situate scenes of captivity within a global settler colonial framework. Drawing on a constellation of texts—including colonial chronicles, Jesuit writings, 19th-century essays, serialized fiction (folletines), novels, and contemporary erotic literature—I examine how these narratives have sustained, and at times subverted, settler colonial imaginaries across centuries. The dissertation begins with an analysis of Ruy Díaz de Guzmán’s Historia of the conquest of the Río de la Plata and its resonances in Jesuit texts from the Araucanía and Tucumán borderlands, where Indigenous desire was portrayed as excessive and threatening, and sexuality served as a key tool in the racialization of Indigenous peoples. It then turns to 19thcentury texts by Chilean politician Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna and Argentine writer Eduarda Mansilla—Elisa Bravo (1884), Lucía Miranda (1860), and Pablo, ou la vie dans les Pampas (1868)—to examine the economies of desire that animated these scenes during contested military occupations of Mapuche and Rankulche territories. Finally, the dissertation explores contemporary imagination of the Pampas as heterotopic spaces in works such as Osvaldo Baigorria’s “Semen indio” and Gabriela Cabezón Cámara’s Las aventuras de la China Iron. By tracing how these scenes reappear and shift across time and media, the dissertation argues that they not only use sexualized narratives to justify colonial domination, but also paradoxically inform visions of gender and sexual liberation. From their colonial origins to contemporary re-elaborations, scenes of captivity are accompanied by gestures of desertion that destabilize their logic. These gestures, I argue, open possibilities for gender liberation that exist in tension with, and sometimes in contradiction to, Indigenous sovereignty. By situating captivity and desertion at the intersection of gender and Indigenous liberation, this research reveals the enduring and unresolved tensions between these emancipatory projects—tensions that remain central to the most radical political struggles in Latin America today.