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Abstract: This article argues that Indigenous people were visible and agential participants in the American Left long before the explosion of Native activism in the 1970s. By situating Indigenous people in the interwar Communist Party, the article makes two major contributions to the histories of Indigeneity and socialism in twentieth-century USA. First, the article argues for a history of the Popular Front that is thoroughly attuned to the complex ways that settler-colonialism structures Left politics in the Americas. The interwar Left produced genuinely radical critiques of the USA as a colonial project and demonstrated a real appreciation of the US’s origins in the genocidal violence of European capitalism. But it failed to undertake a Marxist theorisation of Native oppression, leading to programmatic absences, problematic representations and persistent theoretical ambiguities. This mixed legacy helped set the stage for extensive debates later in the century about the compatibility between Marxism and Indigenous struggles for land sovereignty and cultural autonomy. Second, the article situates late-twentieth-century Native radicalism within a longer history of Indigenous affiliation with the organised Left, demonstrating how effective such alliances could be, even as non-Native communists betrayed their ignorance of Native culture and proved somewhat inconsistent in their ideas about Native sovereignty. The article invites more thoroughgoing assessments of the various and complex ways that the US’s settler-colonial character has historically structured – and been challenged by – the militant Left.





Abstract: This thesis critically analyses the discourse of the Israeli housing block (“shikun”) through the lens of “whiteness”, employing the Cultural Approach to Critical Discourse Analysis. Drawing on cultural representations of the shikun during two national housing projects, the “Sharon Plan” (1951-1961), and the “Evacuation-Construction” Plan (1998-2022), it examines how do the cultural representations of the shikun make and unmake Mizrahi Jews “white”-Israelis? By using “whiteness” as an analytical framework, this thesis challenges the dominant postcolonial ethno-nationalist approach within Mizrahi scholarship to comprehend the spatial oppression of Mizrahi Jews. It argues that the discourse of the shikun reflects and reproduces the de-Arabisation of Israel as a project of “whiteness”, wherein Arab-Jewish identity is erased and replaced by a normalised, universalised Europeanness. The findings reveal the shikun as a geopolitical tool in constructing the spatial logic of “militarised whiteness”, namely a specific form of racialisation as “white” that advances violent conflict. This logic mirrors Israel’s political and cultural self-perception as a superior, modern, and “Western” society in the Middle East. Importantly, it enables us to understand how the local racialisation of Mizrahi Jews both emerges from and reinforces global hierarchies of “white” settler-colonialism. This thesis provides an empirical contribution by identifying and explaining the key linguistic, cultural and spatial patterns that shape the discourse of the shikun in policy, media, and academic discussions. It also advances the fields of Mizrahi Studies and Critical Whiteness Studies by centering the Mizrahi urban scholarship within critical discussions on both settler-colonialism and Israeli urban development, while disrupting the Eurocentric application of “whiteness” which often disregards its effect on regional violence and militarisation. Finally, this thesis offers a methodological contribution to Critical Discourse Studies by illuminating how political culture can serve as a novel methodological lens for explaining the reciprocal relationship between discourse and the built environment.