Abstract: The paper identifies and explains the landowning systems in Abyssinian (Amhara-Tigray) areas and the colonized regions, mainly Oromia. Amhara-Tigray farmers communally own land based on extended lineages. However, the Ethiopian colonial state and colonial settlers dispossessed most of the Oromo lands and reduced most Oromo and other nationalities to landless serfs (gabbars). The piece also demonstrates how the alliance of European imperialism and Ethiopian colonialism facilitated the dispossession and privatization of lands in the colonized territories, such as Oromia, and caused devastating consequences. By introducing the slogan of “Land to the Tiller,” the Ethiopian student movement and the revolutionary ruptures of 1974 facilitated the emergence of the military government, the overthrow of the Haile Selassie regime, and the “nationalization” of lands in the Ethiopian empire in 1975. Subsequent regime changes of 1991 and 2018 have enabled the new regimes to have tight control over lands and their use and facilitated the process of capital/wealth accumulation through various mechanisms at the cost of the farmers who have been exploited, impoverished, oppressed, and abused. Consequently, the land issue has remained a bone of contention, contradiction, and conflict in the Ethiopian empire, particularly Oromia. In addition, this paper explains how the neo-nafxanya government of Abiy Ahmed has targeted the Oromo farmers and herders for political repression and land dispossession. Historical and comparative methods were used in this study.


Description: The Arctic that emerged over the past forty years became one of the most innovative policy environments in the world. The region developed impressive systems for intra-regional cooperation, responded to the challenges of rapid environmental change, empowered and engaged with Indigenous peoples, and dealt with the multiple challenges of natural resource development. The second edition of The Palgrave Handbook on Arctic Policy and Politics draws on scholars from many countries and academic disciplines to focus on the central theme of Arctic policy innovation and political action. The portrait that emerges from these chapters is of a complex, fluid policy environment, shaped by internal, national and global dynamics and by a wide range of political, legal, economic, and social transitions. In this second edition, all chapters have been revised, updating the volume with the latest research and analysis especially on the changing geo-political situation since the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the election of Donald Trump. New chapters explore post-secondary education and the future of work in the Circumpolar North. The Arctic is a complex political place and is on the verge of becoming even more so due to Russian militarism, increasing Chinese engagement and the cascading effects of rapid climate change. Effective, proactive and forward-looking policy innovation will be required if the Far North is to address its challenges and capitalize on its opportunities. The Arctic has become, ironically, “hot” in political terms, presenting escalating challenges for Arctic peoples and nations seeking to respond to political agendas that increasingly emerge from outside the region.








Abstract: Indigenous peoples in Peru have experienced significant disparities in health and social well-being due to ongoing settler colonialism. Despite significant progress in maternal and neonatal health, regional disparities persist. In response to these challenges, the *Mamás de la Frontera* (Mothers of the Border) program was developed in collaboration with Indigenous communities in the Peruvian Amazon. The program involved training and advocating for community health workers (CHWs) to improve culturally appropriate maternal and child healthcare. This study focuses on the experiences of CHWs as they transitioned from training to community practice. Methods: Ten CHWs from participating communities near the district of San Antonio del Estrecho were interviewed individually in a semi-structured manner. The transcripts underwent qualitative hybrid coding, integrating an inductive and deductive approach to thematic analysis. The CHWs also participated in a workshop designed to collect their experiences and expectations regarding program training, roles and direct service translation. Results: Upon applying thematic analysis, four primary themes emerged: (1) roles and responsibilities, (2) cultural practices, (3) training, translation and dissemination, and (4) barriers and needs experienced by CHWs. Each theme included respective sub-themes, providing more detail and specificity. The photo workshop complemented the formalised qualitative findings, further emphasising the perceptions and feedback of CHWs regarding topics such as role satisfaction, community dynamics and belonging. Conclusions: The findings reinforce the existing empirical evidence on the experiences of Indigenous CHWs, emphasising the components of program implementation and the adaptation of healthcare delivery in rural Amazonian settings. CHWs play a vital role in promoting maternal and child health and community well-being. The implications of this work are to further inform culturally integrative, strength-based community health programming, prevention strategies, advocacy, resource development and health system reform, with the aim of better supporting Indigenous populations in Peru.