Abstract: The 1878 arrival of the Argentine settler state as conqueror in northern Patagonia produced a singular problem for the state: the desert. A colonial imaginary of the absolute outside was now incorporated into Argentina, sparking a long-running territorial conflict that endures to this day. This thesis examines how enduring settler colonial processes shape territorial relations in northern Patagonia and how Indigenous Mapuche and allied actors enact diverse practices of resistance. Bringing settler colonial studies into conversation with political ontology, theories of space and relational approaches to resistance, it conceptualises contemporary territorial conflicts as part of the longue durée of settler colonialism. The research employs a qualitative, ethnographically oriented methodology, drawing on participant observation and partial life-history interviews, as well as documentary sources and urban artistic interventions. It is argued that settler colonialism operates through the application of a hegemonic spatial regime that has rendered Indigenous territory available for transformation into extractive and conservation frontiers. These spatial relations are continually reproduced through processes of bordering, extractivism and exclusive conservation which are presented by hegemonic power as natural and inevitable, while practices of partial recognition and derecognition attempt to absence Indigenous peoples, both in time and in space. Hegemony, however, remains incomplete. Insistent Mapuche presence and resistance expose persistent cracks within settler colonial spatialities and temporalities. Through these cracks emerge diverse practices of resistance. These practices contest narratives of Indigenous absence, build alliances and articulate alternative relationships to territory. The thesis therefore conceptualises resistance not solely as opposition to particular territorial projects, but as productive and ontological. This resistance is world-making, challenging the spatial and temporal assumptions through which hegemonic settler colonial power is continually reproduced.



Description: Ingeniously connects the history of citrus cultivation to the production and maintenance of whiteness in sites around the world. In The Orchard in the Ruins, acclaimed historian Tiago Saraiva illuminates the global impact of cloning Californian oranges, a practice that emerged in the aftermath of the great depression of the 1890s. Cloning promised control, uniformity, and resistance to an array of environmental and economic threats. But Californian orchards—white-owned but tended by workers of Chinese, Japanese, Mexican, or Indigenous origin—were also places where plantations and race intertwined. Agricultural anxieties about strains of oranges and their value, Saraiva shows, formed a continuum with anxieties about vanishing whiteness. The Orchard in the Ruins connects Californian history to other sites of citrus cultivation: South Africa, where concerns about white poverty grew during the early twentieth century; Mandatory Palestine, where orchards were key to Zionist undertakings; colonial Algeria, where French settlers transformed the landscape with European farming techniques; and Brazil, where orchards were cultivated post-abolition. Drawing on local histories as well as the works of John Dewey, J. M. Coetzee, Edward Said, Frantz Fanon, and artist Tarsila do Amaral, Saraiva shows that in each place, orchards grew in the wake of specific historical crises. Orange cultivation was a transnational project in cultivating whiteness, one in which studies of fruits, buds, rootstocks, fungi, and viruses became race-making experiments. A must-read for anyone interested in the history of science, technology, agriculture, and race, The Orchard in the Ruins reveals a troubled account of science-led attempts to remedy crumbling worlds.






Abstract: This dissertation explores the history of graverobbing in the United States and influence of Race Science on the demand for Indigenous specimens. The original contribution of this research to the historiography modernizes language to redefine graverobbing as posthumous violence in an international necro – economy of trafficking Native cadavers. Through necro – capitalism white elite men commodified decedents and built institutional legacies that continue. Academics, scientists, physicians, Christian ministers, museum professionals, private and federally funded repositories stole, mutilated, sold, and hoarded the dead in exchange for wealth, fame, and power. In the terms of international law, the posthumous violence experienced by Indigenous decedents are genocidal crimes against humanity. Through contrapuntal examination and interdisciplinary methodologies of sociology, psychology, and forensic medicine graverobbing is understood as a patriarchal structure of discursive authority by white educated men and absolute power over bodies of the dead. This dissertation resolves race science and graverobbing as science gone mad. The minds, ethics, and unchallenged claims of scientists are plagued with a fetishistic disorder akin to necrophilism. Unabashed capitalist greed targeted subjugated demographics, terrorized living communities, debased graves, and defiled freshly buried bodies. Key findings demonstrate that broader society became complicit in despoiling the dead. The phenomenon of graverobbing was normalized in a complacent society where the dead had no rights. Racialized science, racialized language of eugenics, and blood quantum pseudoscience influenced federal policy that continues to assault Indigenous identity and Indian Country in the twenty – first century. This dissertation argues that academe, historical institutions, repositories, and medical sciences still prey on nonwhite and subjugated communities. As growing numbers of Indigenous and Black scholars enter fields of museology, medicine, and the human sciences a collaborative approach is reshaping conferences, methodologies, and bioethics. The Indigenous Archaeology Collective and Society of Black Archaeologists are impacting repatriation, exalting cultural and ethnic perspectives while exercising sovereignty and human rights of living communities and the deceased. Decedents have human rights, cultural rights, sovereignty rights, repatriation rights, and the right to remain interred. All decedents should have the right to remain safe from the institutional abuse historically enforced through ideologies of ethno – supremacism.